Levelling Survey
LEVELLING: A level surface is any surface parallel to the mean spheroidal surface of the earth.A level line is a line lying in a l…
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Tacheometric Surveying Part 2
PRINCIPLE OF STADIA SURVEY METHODThe stadia method is based on the principle that the ratio of the perpendicular to the base is co…
theodolite surveying part 3 and tachemoteric surveying
Locate a Point at the intersection of two (intersecting) lines: (i) Set up the instrument at point C; sight the point D and drive …
Theodolite survey part 2
Measurement of Vertical Angles: Usually a Vertical Angle is an angle which is subtended between the inclined LOS and the horizonta…
Theodolite Surveying
THEODOLITE SURVEYING Theodolite (Theod.): It is a most precise instrument designed for the surveying. Mostly used for the m…
Traverse Surveying
TRAVERSING To traverse: To move, travel or pass across a stretched land / area. Traversing or Traverse Surveying: It is a type of…
Excavation and its techniques
Excavation Generally, two steps are involved in estimating costs of excavation/earthworks Calculating quantity of earth to be hand…
Corrugation, Wear of rails, Failure of rails and Rails’ Welding
Causes of CorrugationHumidity, especially in long tunnels or in tunnels near or under the water. High speeds trains, especially a…
Glass and Clay Products
lass is any substance or mixture of substances that has solidified from the liquid state without crystallization. Glass may be def…
Binding Materials( Bitumen.Asphalt,tar)
BitumenBitumen is a non-crystalline solid or viscous material derived from petroleum, by natural or refinery process.Bitumen is br…
