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Posted on 19 November 2014 at 12:38

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Muhammad Furqan
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to compute the time t e at which the light from the distant galaxy was emitted:t e =t 0(1 + z) 3(1+w…

regardless of the value of w. Making the substitutions 0 = c,0 =3c 28GH 20 (5.47)andt 0 =23(1 + w)H…

The age of the universe, in terms of the Hubble time, is thent 0 =23(1 + w)H 10 . (5.44)In a spatial…

with the restriction w 6 = 1. With the proper normalization, the scale factorin a spatially ﬂat, …

Setting the energy density equal to zero is one way of simplifying theFriedmann equation. Another w…