• Situations in which moral reasons come into conflict with each other
• Applications and Boundaries of moral values are unclear
• Its not immediately obvious what should be done
• It comprises small portions of moral choices

Designing of Aluminum Cans and Can-Opener:

• Kaiser Aluminum – Founded by Henry J Kaiser in Calif, USA in 1946
• Improved the heavier & expensive drinks’ cans
• A single sheet, flexible material – forming a can up to the top leaving the top to be added after filling the drink in it
• 

• Ermal Cleon Fraze of IN, USA invented the detaching-type ‘Pull-tabs’ can-opener in 1959

  Issues:
   Jagged edges of the opened slot: lips and nose injuries
   Billions of discarded pull-tabs caused:
  Pollution
  Foot injuries
   Balance Usefulness: uselessness / inconvenience to the customers as well as environment

• 
• In 1976, Daniel Cudzik of VA, USA designed a Stay-Attached Can-Opener
  Better than Fraze’s Can-Opener in a number of ways
  But improvement is still being carried out
  Learning Outcomes:
  Engineering / designing progresses by design failures
  Moral Values are embedded in the designing process at all the stages
  Decisions have technical and economic outlook
  Moral dimensions in all the four directions: (1) Health & Safety (2) Environmental Protection (3) Consumer’s Convenience and Utility (4) Economy