Toward the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th century, various aesthetic movements took this modern experience of progress and change as the object of their art. Modernist cultural forms are extremely diverse and defy easy characterization. In general, however, the modern movement in art, literature, and music placed emphasis on self-consciously exploring alternative forms of representation and on expressing the modern experience through the use of juxtaposition, ambiguity, and paradox. Examples include cubism in painting, surrealism in literature, and the experimental musical works of Arnold Schoenberg and John Cage.