There is a place in Spain, named as the title of this article, Puerto del Suspiro del Moro. In the above sentence ear melodious sound wonderful, but actually, the story contained in this sentence really melancholy. Puerto del Suspiro del Moro means Last Breath People Moor or popular translation reads Pull Last Breath A Muslim.
Puerto del Suspiro del Moro is the name of a place. Exactly a mountain. Place when the group of Sultan Muhammad XII, the last caliphate sultanate of Granada stopped and gazed sadly toward Alambra Palace which was forced abandonment as Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand expelled them. The last Sultan was forced to lift his leg.
Sultan Abu Abd Allah Muhammad, or the title of Sultan Muhammad XII stopped, her eyes, her eyes dripping tears of regret. Over 800 years of Islamic rule and serve Granada, today it is the person most responsible for the destruction. When crying at the top of the hill, the mother admonished him, "Now you're crying like a woman. Though you never give resistance as a man. "
The group then headed Morocco, dumps Sultan's family. Therefore, where the group is silent, standing and staring at for the last time the Alhambra Palace called Puerto del Suspiro del Moro which means tug Last Breath Muslims. This story ever written by Salman Rushdie in his novel entitled The Moors Last Sigh. And of course, Salman Rushdie wrote it with his own perspective and point of view.
The tears that began with a small story that never existed cooperation between Sultan Muhammad XII by Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand. Long before the throne was shaky, long before it arrives betrayal, they have a relationship that somehow can be called anything.
Peak, January 2, 1492, Granada must be submitted by Sultan Muhammad XII to Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand who has won after pitting two brothers. El Chico, so the Spaniards call Sultan Muhammad XII, meaning small. Some of them, even gave the title el zogoybi which means he's less fortunate. Designations it is a small picture to build the sultan's jealousy towards his brother, who turns chosen by his father to replace and occupy the throne.
Power always save a thousand mysteries and all conspiracies. Nothing is straight and straightforward in political language. Another is called, the other is also planned. Another planned, also vary described. Queen Isabella and King Ferdinand who initially as siding and will help Sultan Muhammad II to the throne, has now turned towards overthrow. And everything, starting from the sense of the ownership on a claim of power.
And when it comes awareness, the events are too wild to be controlled. Betrayal Isabella and Ferdinand are already too deep to look for bidders, let alone defeated. However persistent Andalusian Empire forces troops to fight, the rule of Islam that has a foothold more than 800 years ended with the tragic.
On January 2, 1492, the troops of the two ancient Iberian kingdoms, Aragon and Castille captured and defeat Islamic cities in Spain, including Granada.Pemimpin the two kingdoms, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella united in a marriage that makes both dubbed The Catholic Kings. Today the flag and hoisted the banner of Christianity throughout the city walls Granada.Gema bells sounded throughout the city, Christians celebrate the victory of the magnitude of forces.
The Catholic Kings issue commands and provides the option to Muslims and Jews in the territories conquered to convert to Christianity or expelled. In fact, many who go in and embraced Catholicism, for fear of being killed. And who survived melahiran themselves out of Andalusia. Since then, Europe into a Muslim-free area until several centuries later. And this is the dark side of Christian Western civilization very savage.
In the same year, March 31, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella issued the Edict of Expulsion or expulsion order for the citizens of the Jewish Yahudi.Warga given two choices, baptized into Christianity or expelled from Andalusia. This country, for decades the world has become a haven for Jews. Because under Islamic rule, their lives and their civilization evolved assured, they are protected and given a chance to do what they believe is the Muslim rule of Andalusia. After the release of the Edict of Expulsion, there are many Jews who converted to Christianity in a way forced. A total of 80,000 Jews fled to Portugal and another 50,000 have sought refuge in the new territory of Islam, Ottoman Caliph in Turkey.
In Turkey, they were welcomed and received protection from Muslim rule. But in Andalusia, they were hunted to death.
To illustrate how hard carnage experienced by the Jews at the time, there are numbers that can be traced. In 1483 alone, according to a report in this area commander Spanish Inquisition, Fray Thomas de Torquemada, has killed as many as 13,000 Jews in Spain. After that, for decades, Jews being chased by a sense of fear. The culmination of a period of darkness that fell in 1492, when The Chatolic Kings give a tough choice for the Jews. Forcibly baptized or leave Europe. The latter option is taken, just in a matter of months, from April to August 1492, as many as 150,000 Jews who left Spain. And one of their main goals is the territory of the Ottoman Caliphate who are willing to provide protection
But the interesting thing is, all of the massacre that happened to Muslims and Jews as a result of policies that emerged after the two leaders of the Catholic, King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. Marriage of King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella actually designed and governed by a Jew named Abraham Senior of Segovia.
Senior Abraham extremely influential in the whole policy of Queen Isabella. Due to the success that he may, on the advice and political advice from Senior Abraham, as gratitude for the post of Head of Queen Isabella give to Abraham Withdrawal Tax Senior. Even the decision of Queen Isabella kingdom bestowed the title of Rabbi de la Corte or Rabbi kingdom.
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In the past, when crossing the Strait of Gibraltar, led troops Tariq ibn Ziyad entered bravely and head to stand against. In fuel ships so that the troops do not think of a way to get home. Losing is not an option. Go ahead and win.
Tariq ibn Ziyad entered into this region by bringing the army of 7,000 troops. Most of these forces is the Berbers, very few men of Arab descent, there are approximately 300 people and there were about 700 black Muslim who joins from the African continent. When it landed in the land of Andalusia, Tariq ibn Ziyad ordered his troops to burn and destroy their ship. This indicates that Tariq determination will not return to their country of origin. For him there is no choice but to win.
Rajab year 92 H or 30 April 711 AD, the Muslim troops departing from Ceuta. They landed on a rock named, Mount Calpe. This place later better known as Jabal al-Fatah by Muslims which means mountain of victory. But internationally, the mountain known as Jabal Tariq, or more so-called Gibraltar. Then, the troops dispatched to Andalusia.
While on the boat on the way between Ceuta and Gibraltar, Tariq asleep. In sleep he dreamed of seeing the Prophet and his Companions Emigrants and Helpers. They all hold swords and holds the bow. He heard the Prophet said to him, "Be strong, O Tariq! Finish what is your mission today. "Then he saw the Prophet and his companions went to enter Andalusia.
First conquered city is Cartagena. After that, other cities soon followed by the defeat of the Visigoths. And this is the forerunner of Islamic civilization in Europe who would very color awakening civilized West. Later Islamic civilization hacked by Tariq ibn Ziyad gave birth to the likes of Ibn Rushd, known West with the name Averoes (1126-1198). Philosopher who greatly influenced the development of the Western world thought. Also born leaders like Az Zahrawi who was born in Cordoba and he is well known as the first man to introduce the technique of surgery. Encyclopedia of surgical techniques as a reference in the Western medical world. There is also Az Zarkalli, Muslim astronomers introduced astrolobe knowledge, an instrument used to measure the distance of a star from the horizon of the earth which is used as navigation in sea transport.
In fact, Ajip Rosidi, Indonesian man in his foreword to the book M. Natsir Islamic Culture in Historical Perspective clearly says, "Greek civilization was likely to sink if it were not saved by translation into Arabic by Islamic scholars under the caliphs very encouraging progress of science, because basically Islam does not hinder the progress of science, but rather pushed indefinitely. Even Western scholars have the same opportunity in the palaces of the caliphs in Baghdad in an effort to develop their knowledge with scholars of Islam itself. "
West, Europe in particular, without a touch of Islamic civilization, might be a different story and not as it is now. Western historians, Charles Singer in his book Short History of Medicine provides an overview of how the world of medicine in the West in the Middle Ages is very chaotic and backward.
"Anatomy and physiology perished. The prognosis was reduced to an absurd rule of thumb. Botany Became a drug list. Superstitius practices crept in, and Medicine deteriorated into a collection of formulas, punctuated by incantations. The scientific stream, the which is its lifeblood, was dried up at its source. "(Science anatomy and physiology (in the West) has been destroyed. The diagnosis of the disease is determined by a variety of ways and guess by looking at the thumb. Science herbs just stay framework. the practice of superstition has slipped everywhere. the degree of medical science has come down, and become just like a collection of spells, magic also. the science that became blood and lives (for medicine) has been dried from the source.)
M. Natsir in a paper entitled Europe in the Middle Ages. At a certain period, the West is the civilization that built the way of translating science that has been perpetuated by Islamic scholars and scientists from various sources. M. Natsir call it the Age Translation:
"As Baghdad in the 8th century AD, as well as Toledo in the 12th century AD As the first Caliph al-Ma'mun founded the Baitul Hikmah, a body of scholars (ulama council) with al Hujaj bin Mathar, Ibn Bathriq and others, to translate all maca knowledge of Persian, Indian, Syrian and Greek into Arabic. Similarly, Raymond Arcibishop plant one scribe body under Dominicus Gundisalvus Artsdeken agency, to translate the various sciences that have been collected by Muslim poets from Arabic into Latin.
Previously, Hunain ibn Ishaq, who collect and copy the philosophy of sciences, and natural sciences reckoning to Arabic, then now Gerard van Cremona which collects heirloom Hunain, and copy almost all into Latin.
None of the many Greek scholars were proficient in Arabic and Latin, was instrumental in the time of this translation. One of them is Faraj Ibn Salim (or Ferragut van Girgenti), who translated the book of Abu Bakr al-Razi Hawi with Continens Liber name. This job is to take no less than half of normal human lifespan. Gerard van Cremona (1114) met in Toledo book Ptolemy, al Magest in Arabic translations of Yahya bin Khalid al Barmaki. That translated into Latin (1173) and is the subject of translations into languages in Western Europe.
Books Greek medicine of Hippocrates and Galen Gerard van Cremona translated from Hunain ibn Ishaq translation. In others from the books of al-Kindi, Ibn Sina, al-Farabi, Abu Qais and others. After Gerard van Cremona died in the year 1187 CE, is not less than 70-80 books that have been translated from Arabic into Latin hull so that (he) gets the title of Fathers of Arabism in Europe.
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But after 800 years of Muslim rule in Andalusia, Sultan Muhammad XII had to cross the Strait of Gibraltar with bowed head and chest were stabbed-stab of sorrow.
Kingdom into hell before the real hell. Competing for the throne on the agenda of the greatest princes. And this is cleverly exploited by enemies who want Andalusian Islamic caliphate broke up. And when the troops came Isabella and Ferdinand attacked, besieged for seven months, carnage done, great resistance also has been given, but what can I say, people leadership body already fragile due to mutual enemies.
And when Islam and the Muslims were defeated, which became a victim not only humans, but the whole side of civilization. A cardinal ordered his troops to Spain collect all the books on Islam and all that smelled of Arabic to be burned. Not only are contained in the government's official library, but also private property scattered houses. The amount is estimated at more than one million. Collected in the middle of the field the city of Granada and destroyed by fire, accompanied by religious ceremonies. Destroying Islamic science, such as being part of the deeds.
A Spanish poet wrote a poem about the last seconds of the departure of the Sultan to the land of exile:
tuvieron que abandonar muy a su pesar
los fastuosos salones y majestuosos jardines
de los palacios de la Alhambra
donde tanto goce terrenal habían disfrutado
durante varias bienaventuradas generaciones
the king must go
leave reluctantly
hall magnificent Alhambra palace and gardens are beautiful
where worldly pleasures
generation has been blessed berbilang
Los débiles rayos del crepúsculo,
procedentes del sol poniente
tras el horizonte que forman las colinas de Loja
apenas permitían discernir
detalles del paraíso perdido
aint-at dusk vanished
and sunset nevertheless
horizon formed hills Loja
king only be watched
details paradise began to disappear
Who knows how many times history has been repeated and taught about the dangers of opium power and greed. If both meet and unite, not only a great evil would befall individuals. But the long wave damage, will occur overwrite all aspects of life. Hopefully we are able to learn and not repeat the history of infamy.
