The Indo-U.S civilian nuclear agreement (123 Agreement) refers to a bilateral accord on civil unclear cooperation between America and India. the 123 Act may be described as bilateral pact between the US and india under which the US will provide access to civilian nuclear technolgy and nuclear fuel to india in exchange for LAEA-safeguards on civilian Indian reactors. The 123 agreement gives india the same status as the p-5 nations,by recognizing its civil and nuslear capabilities. The agreement is valid for 40 year and can be terminateted by either side by giving a notice of one year.

In 2005 indian prime minister manmohan singh and U.S president george W. Bush made an agreement under which India agreed to seperate its civil and military nuclear facilities and place all its civil nuclear facilities under International atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards and, in exchange the United states agreed to work toward full come to fruition as it had to go through several complex stages including amendment of U.S domestic law a civil-militarynuclear separation plan in India an india-IAEA safeguards (inspections) agreement and the grant of an exemption for india by the Nuclear suppliers group (in 2008) a 45-nation  export-control cartel that had been formed mainly in response to indias first nuclear test in 1974. in its final shape,  the deal places under permanent safeguards those nuclear facilies that india has identified as civil and permits broad civil nuclear cooperation while excludingthe transfer of sensitive equipment and technologies including enrichment and reprocessing items even under IAEA safeguards.

The name 123 act has been derived fr0m secti0n 123 0f the us at0mic energy act under which us can enter int0 any bilateral civil nuclear c00perati0n agre a C0ngress twice (0nce when the hyde act was passed in late 2006 t0 amend u.s. D0mestic law and then when the final deal-related package was appr0ved in 0ct0ber 2008).